Chemical Reaction

Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands to Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff Sr. and Alida Kolff van’t Hoff on August 30th, 1852. He was the third of seven children. His siblings were named Herminus Johannes van’t Hoff, Hendrika Adriana van’t Hoff, Jacob Marius van’t Hoff, Cornelis van’t Hoff, Maria Margaretha van’t Hoff, and …

The Biography & Works Of Nobel Prize Chemist Jacobus Henricus Van’T Hoff Read More »

This case study is about the explosion of container containing nitric acid. On 2nd December, 2011, a graduate scholar was going to perform an experiment trial requiring the utilization of nitric acid. The students were working with nitric acid for the first time and no protocol was set up before hand. Prior to experiment, protection …

Explosion In Chemistry Laboratory – Case Study Read More »

Silica gel is an important adsorbent use as desiccant in our daily life. The term ‘gel’ merely indicates the condition of the material it is a hard glassy substance as it is manufactured from raw material. It has different characterization parameters It has porous structure characterised by chemistry of the arrangement of the pores and …

Silica gel formation Read More »

“Epoxy” is derived from the two Greek words, ‘epi’ which means upon and ‘oxy’ which means sharp or acidic. Epoxy has been around since the late 1800’s but has increasingly become popular around the mid 1900’s. Prileschajev (a Russian chemist) was the first to realise that alkene’s would react with peroxybenzoic acid. From this the …

Overview Of Epoxy Resins: Features, Manufacturing Process, And Applications Read More »

Introduction Electric propulsion has taken over the chemical propulsion system in space travel due to its high efficiency with less amount of propellent. We are all aware that Xenon is used as a propellent for the plasma thrusters. This article mainly deals with discussing an alternate propellent for Xenon which in this case is iodine, …

Iodine As An Alternate Propellent For Xenon Read More »

Many vehicles use nitrogen gas to fill their tires as there are many compelling reasons for its usage. First and foremost, chances of the gas migration through the tires rubber is very less so that it will remain steady for a considerably longer span of time. Therefore, consistent pressure can always be expected even in …

Why nitrogen gas is filled in Tyres of vehicles? Read More »

Mercury belongs to group 12 of the periodic table. It is a heavy metal. It is considered as an element as well as a metal. Its periodic neighbors are Gold and Ti. Mercury has an atomic number of 80and its atomic mass is. 201. It has two main oxidation states that are +1 and +). …

Forms Of Mercury In Soil, Water And Environment Read More »

Abstract−Hydrous gold (Au) oxide , on polycrystalline Au (Au (poly)) electrode was in situ generated and generated Hydrous Au oxide was reduced by applying chronoamperometric (CA) technique with following parameter: EL = -.3V and EU = 2V with pulse time 0.1s for 3000 potential steps by repeating the process 10 times within the possible short …

In Situ activation of Au(poly) electrodes and their applications towards electrochemical detections Read More »

Acrylamide (AA) has a toxic effect on both animals and human. The present study investigated the potential protective effect of silymarin (SIL), as an antioxidant against the toxicity of the AA in cardiac tissue. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: The control, AA, SIL, and AA+SIL groups. The obtained results showed that AA …

Potential Protective Effect Of Silymarin, As An Antioxidant Against The Toxicity Of The Aa In Cardiac Tissue Read More »

Background Info: Chemical reactions are an everyday occurrence, but not everyone may realize that. There are six chemical reactions happening all around us, but this experiment will only focus on five. The different types of reactions are: Single displacement/replacement, double displacement/replacement, synthesis, combustion, and decomposition. Some reactions happen to form new compounds, while others may …

A study on 5 key experiments on chemical reactions Read More »

Background There is no doubt that some of the most crucial transformations in the organic chemistry synthesis are the ones that create new carbon-carbon bonds. This new bond formation reactions produce many significant molecules that range from very simple compounds to very complex systems such as polymers, materials, drugs, etc. 1,2During the last decades, metal …

Organic Chemistry: The Formation Of Carbon-Carbon Bonds Read More »

Although it is a metal, it is soft enough to cut with a knife. It is so light it can float on water. Lithium fires are difficult to put out. You can’t use water as water will react with the lithium and could make the fire worse. A powder fire extinguisher is needed. Along with …

What is Lithium? Read More »

Steel is an compound from claiming iron What’s more carbon Also different components. Due to its helter skelter elasticity What’s more low cost, it will be a significant segment utilized within buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal for steel. Iron has the capacity on undertake two crystalline …

Steel As An Compound From Claiming Iron Read More »

Invention battling implies usage of manufactured substance as a weapon for obstruction reason. A couple of predators use invention battling to strike their prey. For example, dreadful little animals and dangerous snakes use venom to stifle their prey and to prevent their predators.Some prey species unsettle predators with manufactured substances that are poisonous (oleander plants)and …

Chemical Warfare and Examples Read More »

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDEOCCURRENCE Aluminum hydroxide is a hydroxide salt type of aluminum. It is usually utilized as a medication, and can be found in acid neutralizers for the treatment of indigestion, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It might likewise be utilized to lessen the retention of phosphorus in individuals with kidney failure. It is dangerous and even …

Medicinal Chemistry Read More »

Biochemistry is an emerging field holding numerous future prospects. Furthermore, Biochemists have an array of responsibilities. My interest in the course is mainly clinical, my rationale for the selection of this course includes the responsibility that I believe is the most significant: finding cures of terminal diseases and finding affordable ways of treating diseases. The …

My Interest In The Course Of Clinical Biochemistry Read More »

“Towards digital soil morphometric”, author described how proximal soil sensing and other tools can be used in soil profile descriptions where techniques and toolkits have not changed in the past decades. Digital soil morph metrics is defined as the application of tools and techniques for measuring and quantifying soil profile attributes and deriving continuous depth …

Soil ph detection Read More »

A titration is a commonly used laboratory technique where a solution of a known concentration (the titrant) is used to determine the concentration of another solution (analyte). We slowly add the known solution with a buret to the unknown solution until it reaches neutralization, indicating the equivalence point or the point at which chemically equivalent …

Titration: a commonly used laboratory technique Read More »

Levodopa is a natural chemical that passes into human brain and then converted into dopamine and it is very effective medication for PD. Carbidopa when combined with levodopa, which protect levodopa form conversion into dopamine outside brain and minimize side effects such as nausea or light-headedness (orthostatic hypotension). As disease progresses after years the benefit …

Some Effective Medications for Parkinson’s Disease Read More »

ACID RAIN: DEFINITION: Precipitation or rain with a high concentration of acids produced by, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other such gases which result from the combustion of fossil fuels. This has a destructive effect on buildings, aquatic life, and plant. Certain pollutants in the air made the rain acidic and now the rain is …

Acid rain: definition, causes, ways to overcome Read More »

Silver will be An rather inert metal. This may be in light its filled 4d shell is not exceptionally viable done protecting the electrostatic constrains about fascination from the core of the peripheral 5s electron, What’s more henceforth silver will be close to the base of the electrochemical arrangement (E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0. 799 V). clinched …

Silver & Silver Mixes Read More »

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH),-(CH2-CHOH)n-, is a linear polymer which means it shows negligible amounts of branching. PVOH is soluble in water, which is unusual for synthetic polymers, but this allows PVOH to be used in a lot of commercial applications such as thickening and foaming agents. The aim of this experiment is to calculate the viscosities …

Intrinsic Viscosity: Chain Linkage In Polyvinyl Alcohol Read More »

This lab involves the synthesis of an acrylic polymer. The reagents of hydroxyethyl acrylate, styrene, and butyl acrylate were reacted in a semi-batch process The product was then stored for one week before being crosslinked with a melamine-formaldehyde resin and a catalyst. The resulting coating was applied to an Al panel, cured, and tested according …

Preparation And Characterization Of Melamine-Formaldehyde Crosslinked Acrylic Resins Read More »

“ The ICI chemical plant at Runcorn has been landfilling its unwanted waste by products in the disused quarries in the village of Weston in Cheshire. These by products were the result of the production of a variety of chemical products including polyvinyl chemicals, chlorinated alkanes, chlorinated naphthalene, and many more solvents. However, over the …

Aspects of Weston village and HCBD problems Read More »

Calgon, take me away! This popular advertisement not only conjured up widespread catchphrases but it also set the scene for what most stressed out people want and need–a relaxing bubble bath. Warm water, bubbles, bath salts, soaps, all appears benign, until we take a closer look at the ingredients lurking in seemingly harmless personal care …

Are You Bathing in Toxic Chemicals? Read More »

The rule is that, any change made to a reaction which is in equilibrium, will result in the equilibrium position moving to minimise the change made (Le Chatelier’s principle). The following are factors that may affect the position of equilibrium: Temperature Pressure Concentration Change in Volume of The System Common Ion Effect Changing concentration Imagine …

Changes in equilibrium Read More »

The increasing interest on new drug discovery is frequently advanced as drugs do not increase endurance adequately against increasing cancer cases worldwide. Molecular hybridization is a new concept in drug design and growth based on the combination of pharmacophoric moieties of different bioactive substances to produce a new hybrid compound with enhanced affinity and efficacy, …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Bioactive Heterocyclic Molecular Hybrids Read More »

Solvation defines the interaction of solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. Ions, and to some cases, molecules, perform along intensely with solvent, and also the strength and nature of this interaction results some properties of the solute, additionally to solubility, reactivity, and color. Within the progress of solvation, ions are enclosed by concentric …

Solute – Solvent Interactions in Aqueous Solutions Read More »

Introduction Nowadays, there are various chemicals being exposed to human naturally or synthetically. It can be present in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, pesticides and even foods. Few of the chemicals present in typical daily product may be cancer inducing chemicals that can be dangerous for human for long exposure periods. Cancer is characterized by the uncontrollable …

Overview Of Toxic Compounds Causing Mutation And Disrupt Read More »

Abstract The existence ofsecond-order structural phase transition in the SnSe at a pressure of10GPa has been proved theoretically. The calculation is performed using the plane-wave pseudopotential approach to density-functional theory within the local-density approximation (LDA) withthe help ofthe ABINIT software package. Theabrupt change inbulk module jointly with unit cell volume continuous changeofthe crystalis the clear …

Second-Order Phase Transition At A Pressure In SnSe Crystal Read More »

Introduction Magnesium is one of the well-known and promising materials for lightweight applications due to its high specific strength and low density. They are commonly prepared through casting and thus their casting properties are important for their actual applications. Regrettably, Mg alloys are prone to hot cracking or hot tearing – cracking during solidification. It …

Hot Tearing In Alloy Systems Read More »

There are different types of soil stabilization techniques that are adopted for enhancing soil physical and chemical properties. The ultimate target is the strengthening of soil in terms of its bearing capacity. Soil stabilization is done with the help of various materials .Some of the methods are listed below : Soil Stabilization with Cement: The …

The different types of soil stabilization techniques Read More »

MDMA is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception. It was first patented in 1913 by a German chemical company called Merck. MDMA supposedly was to be sold as a diet pill, then the company decided against marketing it and did nothing else with it. Alexander Shulgin was the next person to come in …

MDMA – a Synthetic Drug Read More »

The Paramecium tetraurelia is a unicellular organism belonging to the kingdom of Protists. It can be found mostly in a fresh water environment and is covered in hair-like structures known as cilia. The cilia help with locomotion, allowing it to move forward and backwards. It also helps in “bringing” the food to the cells. The …

The Effect Of Sodium Chloride On The Swimming Behavior Of Paramecium Read More »

Radical cyclization reactions produce mono- or polycyclic products through the action of radical intermediates. Because they are intramolecular transformations, they are often very rapid and selective. Selective radical generation can be achieved at carbons bound to a variety of functional groups, and reagents used to effect radical generation are numerous. The radical cyclization step usually …

Radical Cyclization Read More »

Rates can be measured by determining the amount of the product formed per minute time. Our group observed the reaction . The ions in iodate ion (Solution A) and hydrogen sulfite ion (Solution B) are unable to be seen in the solution but the iodide ion formed by this reaction will react with the iodate …

Chemical reaction’s Observations and analysis Read More »

Art materials such as paints are being used by numerous people of all ages, whether a person is a child, middle-aged or old. It is known that certain metallic compounds or chemical that contains metals can be found in these can cause problems particulary in health, moreover if these are being used more frequently, it …

Negative Effects Of Chemicals Can Be Found In Commerical Powdered-Pigment For Paint Read More »

Introduction Denture plaque may be the cause of denture stomatitis or aspiration pneumonia in elderly people. A large number elderly population wore removable dental prosthesis and number of denture wearers increases with age. Polymethyl methacrylate is commonly used denture base resin because Polymethyl methacrylate has many advantageous properties i. e. easy to manipulate and repair …

Comparison Between Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles And Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles Coatings On Plaque Adhesion On Denture Base Resin Read More »

Research Question: How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid? Hypothesis: If temperature increases then the rate of reaction between the reactants will increase because the molecules will gain more kinetic energy and make it easier to overcome the activation energy. Independent Variable: Temperature Dependent Variable: Product produced …

How temperature is able to affect chemical reaction’s rate between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate Read More »

A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a granular solid material (usually a catalyst) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it …

A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) Read More »

The physical basis for Chemistry is something rarely visited in the classroom and it explains many natural phenomena that I held as the truth without question. An example of this is how water should freeze to a more ordered state even though it’s commonly accepted that ‘entropy always increases’. After reading “Why Chemical Reactions Happen”, …

My Inspiration To Continue Studying Chemistry At University Read More »

Ethylene Epoxidation. Catalytic Converters Introduction Ethylene oxide (EO), produced through a reaction called ethylene epoxidation, is one of the world’s most frequently produced chemicals, exceeding an overall production of 20 Mt/yr (Diao). It is considered to be one of the most valuable and influential chemical intermediates, and over 70% of EO produced is used for …

Ethylene Epoxidation. Catalytic Converters Read More »

INTRODUCTION An enzyme is a biological catalyst (Purchon 2012). Its most common function is to speed up the rate of reaction. Without the existence of enzymes within living organisms, the process of digestion would take weeks and the function of our muscles,nerves and bones will decrease in efficiency (Purchon 2012). Therefore the activities in living …

The Effect Of Ph On The Reaction Between Pepsin And Egg White Read More »

Study of morphological parameters and identification of NHX1 of Petroselinum crispum (parsley) Salinity is one of the major issue which ultimately leads towards loss of yield among important crops. For all significant crops, average harvests area fraction – anywhere amongst 20% and 50% of record yields; these losses arebecause of drought and high soil salinity. …

Morphological Parameters & Identification Of NHX1 Of Petroselinum Crispum Read More »

During this procedure lab members should have a clear knowledge on the equipment, chemicals that will be used in specific experiments. Before carrying out any test staff members must make sure, they read the material data sheet for example when handling strong acids and create a safety risk assessment so they know the risk, which …

Regulations On Handling And Storing Of Material And Chemicals During Lab Read More »

ADVANTAGES FABRICATION AND DESIGNING PROCESS: The material allows for considerable flexibility is term of design. FRP can be field –fabricated using simple carpenter’s tool’s with carbon and diamond tip blades. No torches or welding are required. The light weight of the material allows for easier transport and installation. In contrast steel often requires special equipment …

Advantages and disadvantages of fiber reinforced plastic Read More »

Nanoporous gold is basically made by selective decomposition of silver from silver-gold alloys. Due to its excellent conductivity, high surface area to volume ratio, chemical inaction, physical stability, easily tunable pores, and plasmonic properties which has taken place a huge field in the field of nanotechnology. Square wave voltammetry is a type of linear potential …

The Use Of Square Wave Voltammetry Technique To Determine The Overall Properties Of Nanoporous Gold Read More »