Freezing step in lyophilization
Freezing Step in Lyophilization Contents 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Physico-chemical fundamentals of freezing 3 2.1 Freezing phenomena: supercooling, ice nucleation and ice crystal formation 4 2.2 Crystallization and vitrification of solutes 5 2.3 Phase separation and other types of freezing behavior 6 3. Modifications of the freezing step 7 3.1 Shelf-ramped freezing 8 3.2 …